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A .nef file is a Nikon Electronic Format digital camera raw image file. Raw image files are a kind of digital photograph containing uncompressed and unprocessed data from the camera's sensor. By including all of the sensor data, raw image files allow photographers to make better adjustments to a photo's brightness, contrast, and color.

NEF files can be opened by image viewer applications that support RAW formats, as well as image editors like Adobe Photoshop. They can also be converted into formats that are more widely supported. Since a NEF file is a photograph from a digital camera, it can be easily converted to the JPEG (.jpg) format for sharing, as the lossy compression it uses shrinks the file size while having a small effect on the image quality. Lossless formats like TIFF (.tif), PNG (.png), and bitmap (.bmp) can also be used to share a photograph with no quality loss at a larger file size.